Insufficient hole filling and why?

There are many many reasons for this and I would not know where to begin, but a more information would have been useful, such as board thickness, finished hole size, board plating material, flux type and flux application method and finally the type of solder being used in the wave solder machine, is it lead-free or leaded solder?

Not knowing any of these items, check the following:

• Flux application and its penetration through the board,
• Top side board temperature going into the wave or coming off the preheaters, is it high enough to allow the molten solder to rise through the board.
• Depth of the board in the wave, try running the board at least 1/2 of the board thickness in the wave to use the hydrostatic pressure of the wave to push the solder up into the plated through hole.

The second item is voids in the solder joint.

This can also be caused by a variety of reasons and the primary one which comes to mind is bad plated through hole barrels. Check the plating in the barrels to make sure there are no voids. See IPC-600 for the criteria. Voids will have a tendency to create outgassing and this creates voids in the solder joints.

The other issue which could be causing this is if VOC free fluxes are used and the application is putting on too much flux and it is not drying off during the preheat stage of the wave solder system. As this product hits the wave solder system, the liquid will volatize and this will also create voids and blow holes in the solder joints.

I hope this helps, if more information is needed please get in touch with me.

There are several things that could cause insufficient fill of the PTH.

• Insufficient/ incomplete flux coverage. Check your flux application to be sure that there is sufficient volume and area coverage over the complete PCB.
• Insufficient pre-heat. Solder flows to the heat. If the PTH's have not come to temperature, the solder will not flow as well. Exact temperatures depends on your operation. As a rule of thumb, the assembly should reach approximately 150C to 170C just before contacting the wave. If a profile of the wave process is taken, it should look very similar to a reflow profile of the same assembly.
• Contamination. Probably the most common cause of insufficient solder coverage is contamination. Verify that the boards have been handled properly before the assembly process and during the process.
  Any oxidation, oils, foreign materials...etc... will cause soldering problems. Hand clean several boards and then put them through your assembly process. Make sure the circuit boards are out of the sealed packages for a minimal amount of time before they are processed.
• Wave height. Capillary action accounts for some of the solder flow through the PTH. Another part of proper fill is wave height. The wave should be sufficient to "push" the solder up through the PTH without over flowing the PCB.
  

Lack of Dedrossing can be a key factor in the type of defects you describe.

Dross is formed on the surface of the solder pot as it comes in contact in the air that we breathe. Similar to the tarnish on sterling silver turning dark, only this happens in a matter of hours in a hot solder pot.

Performing dedrossing multiplet imes per 8 hour shift may reduce or eliminate the problem you describe. Visually looking at the surface of the solder pot you should see a clean shiny surface, if you see clumps of dull silver or particles floating you need to dedross. If the dross gets on to the solder joints you are likely to have failures.

Voids and insufficient top side fillet happened in PTH due to one or more of the following causes:

Materials:

• Improper curing or plating process of the PWB (which causes out gassing),
• Poor solderability of the pcb and/or the thru hole components (could be due to oxidation),

Machine set up:

• Insufficient flux penetration from the spray fluxer,
• Insufficient preheating, esp on the pcb top side (if there is heat sink on the PCB topside)
• Insufficient wave contact time (2 to 4 secs recommended)
• Insufficient waves heights (for chip wave and main wave), (waves should meet half the PCB thickness)

Our ECD WaveRIDER and Fluxometer will be able to check and monitor all the soldering parameters in the wave soldering machine, and to narrow down the possible root cause(s) of the problem. Thus, if the machine setup is good, then you can just look at your incoming raw materials quality, and their storage process.

It appears that there is probably not enough flux that is wetting the entire barrel including the top side. Better preheat may help reduce the voids that are forming.

Also, if a flux with increased activity level is used, it could improve the capillary flow and wetting.

Poor topside fillet can be caused by many points. I suggest the following:

• If using spray fluxer the flux has to penetrate through the barrel. If using alcohol based flux, thermal fax paper can be place on top of a board and it will give you a visual that flux has penetrated the hole.
• Assembly temp at exit of preheat section. Topside laminate should be 200 deg F - 240 Deg F just prior to entering the wave.
• Dwell time in the solder ( lead based ) average 3-6 seconds for an .062" assembly and solder pot temp at 480-500 deg F. If lead free 8-10 seconds dwell time at 510 - 525 Deg F solder temp.
• Typical conveyor speed lead based for average wave will be 4-6 FPM and 2-3 FPM for lead free alloy